Fwd: [Ex-Spic-Employees] Fwd: OIL Reserves - the USA

OIL RESERVES About 6 months ago, the writer was watching a news program on oil and one of the Forbes Bros. was the guest. The host said to Forbes, "I am going to ask you a direct question and I would like a direct answer; how much oil does the U.S. have in the ground?" Forbes did not miss a beat, he said, "more than all the Middle East put together." Please read below. The U. S. Geological Service issued a report in April 2008 that only scientists and oil men knew was coming, but man was it big. It was a revised report (hadn't been updated since 1995) on how much oil was in this area of the western 2/3 of North Dakota, western South Dakota, and extreme eastern Montana ..... check THIS out:    http://bakkenshale.net/bakkenshalemap.html The Bakken is the largest domestic oil discovery since Alaska's Prudhoe Bay, and has the potential to eliminate all American dependence on foreign oil. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates it at 503 billion barrels. Even if just 10% of the oil is recoverable, at $107 a barrel, we're looking at a resource base worth more than $5.3 trillion. "When I first briefed legislators on this, you could practically see their jaws hit the floor. They had no idea." says Terry Johnson, the Montana  Legislature's financial analyst. "This sizable find is now the highest-producing onshore oil field found in the past 56 years," reports The Pittsburgh Post Gazette. It's a formation known as the Williston Basin, but is more commonly referred to as the   'Bakken.' It stretches from Northern Montana, through North Dakota and into Canada. For years, U.S. oil exploration has been considered a dead end. Even the 'Big Oil' companies gave up searching for major oil wells decades ago. However, a recent technological breakthrough has opened up the Bakken's massive reserves.... and we now have access of up to 500 billion barrels. And because this is light, sweet oil, those billions of barrels will cost Americans just $16 PER BARREL! That's enough crude to fully fuel the American economy for 2041 years straight. And if THAT didn't throw you on the floor, then this next one should - because it's from 2006! U. S. Oil Discovery- Largest Reserve in the World -   Stansberry Report Online - 4/20/2006 Hidden 1,000 feet beneath the surface of the Rocky Mountains lies the largest untapped oil reserve in the world. It is more than 2 TRILLION barrels. On August 8, 2005 President Bush mandated its extraction. In three and a half years of high oil prices none has been extracted. With this motherload of oil why are we still fighting over off-shore drilling? They reported this stunning news: We have more oil inside our borders, than all the other proven reserves on earth. Here are the official estimates:     - 8-times as much oil as Saudi Arabia    - 18-times as much oil as Iraq    - 21-times as much oil as Kuwait    - 22-times as much oil as Iran    - 500-times as much oil as Yemen    - and it's all right here in the Western United States . HOW can this BE? HOW can we NOT BE extracting this? Because the environmentalists and others have blocked all efforts to help America become independent of foreign oil! Again, we are letting a small group of people dictate our lives and our economy....WHY? James Bartis, lead researcher with the study says we've got more oil in this very compact area than the entire Middle East -more than 2 TRILLION barrels untapped. That's more than all the proven oil reserves of crude oil in the world today, reports The Denver Post. Don't think 'OPEC' will drop its price - even with this find? Think again!  It's all about the competitive marketplace, - it has to. Think OPEC just might be funding the environmentalists? By the way...this is all true. Check it out at the link below!!!    GOOGLE it, or follow this link. It will blow your mind. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1911

 

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Big new find in Kurdistan

Anglo-Turkish Genel Energy has made a big find onshore Kurdistan. 

Today Genel said a test well had flowed at rates of nearly 12,000 b/d of oil after drilling the first of five exploration wells on the Chia Surkh prospect in Kurdistan this year. 

Already the company is discussing bringing the discovery onstream by 2014 after the Chia Surkh 10 well was drilled to a depth of 1,696 metres (5,562 feet) into a Oligo-Miocene structure. Testing over several days resulted in flow rates of up to 11,950 b/d of 41ｺ API oil and 15 Mmcf/d of gas. Reservoir measurements indicated a well head flowing pressure of 2,000 pounds per square inch. 

Further drill stem tests are planned on the discovery, which according to Genel has 94 square kilometres of closure. 

"We intend to carry out a rapid appraisal and development programme and expect to have an early production scheme operating in the first half of 2014," declared Genel Energy chief executive Tony Hayward. "Over the same period we will be evaluating and drilling a number of other prospects we have in the Chia Surkh licence," Hayward said.

Hayward  said Chia Surkh marked the first of five planned exploration well in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq which are planned by Genel Energy this year. "To have made a discovery of such potential materiality at this early stage is highly encouraging," Hayward added.

Fwd: Meeting the Challenges of Local Content

Canterbury, UK, 8 April 2013       MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF LOCAL CONTENT John Westwood Chairman, Douglas-Westwood   Taming the Demon   "The black and cruel demon……an Evil Power which roams the earth, crippling the bodies of men and women, and luring nations to destruction by visions of unearned wealth and the opportunity to enslave and exploit labour."   These dramatic words were penned by Upton Sinclair in his book 'Oil'1 a commentary on the social conditions of the Californian oilfields of the 1920s and the inspiration for the film 'There Will Be Blood'.   But as we know, oil & gas can also be a miracle worker and bring great economic and social benefits. The difference is how fairly the prize is shared amongst all the stakeholders and in this process development of true local content has a major role to play.   The Starting Point  "You must have a good system of governance in place …and use the revenues in a manner that will create a lasting benefit to society." 2   So commented Farouk Al-Kasim on the Norwegian experience. Al-Kasim was the individual tasked with planning how Norway would exploit its newly discovered resources, working as director of petroleum resource management in the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate from 1972 to 1990. Biographers have noted that he did a remarkable job of marrying private-sector and government ambitions, and indeed Norway seems to have avoided "the Dutch disease" that has dragged down the economies of many nations exploiting huge hydrocarbon reserves.    Local Content Objectives A major challenge for local content programmes is in meeting the requirements of multiple stakeholders: Governments, State Oil Companies, E&P Companies and their Contractors, Workers and Local Communities.     Most simply put, local content objectives are usually to "create jobs, promote enterprise development and accelerate the transfer of skills and technologies".3   Objectives can include:  Workforce development including employment and training.   Supplier development to enable E&P companies to achieve a required level of local content (an ambition of 70% is usual). Technology development, often initially by transfer, then local R&D and ultimately exports of goods and services to third markets. The Challenges Many, if not most states require oil & gas industry companies to develop local content and in this some have been more successful than others.   Governments' policy focus has to be dynamic and change during the industry life cycle. In the initial stages there is a need to attract E&P companies, but as oil & gas production grows the desire to develop the local supply chain often emerges as a government objective.  As production reaches a plateau and new discoveries become smaller and of little interest to IOCs, policy again has to shift to focus on attracting on a new group of smaller E&P players and encourage the supply chain to develop export markets.  During production decline these drivers become even stronger as ultimately long-term success demands a long-term view to deliver benefits after the oil & gas has depleted.   For the E&P companies the challenges include maintaining global standards and managing inflation as meeting local content can dramatically increase costs short term, particularly in lesser-developed countries as there is often no significant industrial base from which to develop suppliers.   In the case of technologically demanding sectors (such as deepwater) there is often no practical alternative to importing both equipment and services.    Corruption In some countries perhaps the greatest challenge to delivering real long-term benefits to local people is corruption – as the Transparency International4 surveys show, many of the developing world's oil producers operate the least transparent (most corrupt) regimes. Also as recent events in the defence sector proves, the problem is not exclusive to oil, but anything that involves large sums of money.    In reality, what the western world regards as corrupt is in many other locations merely normal business practice and very difficult to circumvent, as many have found to their cost.    The UK, the US, Norway and many other developed economies are fortunate in now having laws that outlaw corrupt practice in foreign countries and deliver harsh penalties to those who flout them.   Lessons from the Past The North Sea Experience: In the case of both Norway and the UK there was a focus on achieving high local content and ownership based on strong support by governments of local oilfield services (OFS) companies. This was in reality aided by the major challenges of what was the most operationally difficult environment yet experienced which in its turn drove the development of new technologies and resulted in a major focus on R&D. Yet the each North Sea sector was different.   Norway: Oil was discovered by Phillips Petroleum in Ekofisk in December 1969.  Norway benefited from a small population and a major oil & gas resource with the result that a there was a real danger of oil wealth overheating the economy. The state oil company Statoil was formed in 1972 and in 2007 it merged with Norsk Hydro's oil and gas division reaching a size and strength suitable for international expansion. But significantly, over the years Statoil became a major force in developing Norway's local content.    A state wealth fund was established which is today worth some NOK 4.176bn. The 'Government Pension Fund Global' was set up in 1990 as a fiscal policy tool to support long-term management of Norway's petroleum revenue. The Ministry of Finance owns the fund on behalf of the Norwegian people. The ministry regularly transfers petroleum revenue to the fund and the capital is invested abroad, to avoid overheating the Norwegian economy and to shield it from the effects of oil price fluctuations. (Despite its name, the fund has no formal pension liabilities and no political decision has been made as to when the fund may be used to cover future pension costs.)5   As both production and local capability grew a goods & services export initiative was initiated in the form of the 'INTSOK' trade body. Today Norway has both a high local content and annual OFS exports of $20bn.  By this measure Norway has, without doubt, out-performed the UK.   The UK:  Oil was discovered in the Forties field in 1970. In 1973 the Offshore Supplies Office was formed as a division of the Department of Energy and tasked with local content development by means of a 'Full & Fair Opportunity' policy.  The economy was already in a fragile state when oil production began in 1975, and the decade's oil price shocks, rampant inflation and industrial unrest caused further devastation and limited the net economic benefit.   A requirement was put in place for E&P companies to conduct R&D in the UK and include a statement to that effect in their licence application – in effect a 'non-cash' element of their bid for acreage. Very soon virtually all the players had dedicated R&D managers and were investing in UK oil & gas R&D and a whole new business sector emerged. However, this scheme eventually fell foul of European competition law with disastrous consequences for companies set up to absorb this flow of funds.   The UK local content situation was further undermined by the demise of the state oil company Britoil. Then in the 1980s the oil majors changed their business models and cast off much of their own R&D capability.   Without doubt offshore oil & gas rescued the UK economy but many doubt whether the claimed 70% local content was actually realised. However, as the UK faces a future of falling production from rapidly depleting fields it is clear that a major and increasingly export-based OFS activity has been achieved (over $12bn in 2011 in Scotland).    But concerns have been raised that few British-owned world-class players have emerged. It is of note that former OSO director general Dr Norman Smith titles his book on the early years "The Sea of Lost Opportunity".6    Brazil: The state oil company Petrobras which has achieved remarkable success in pushing the frontier of deepwater production is also tasked with developing local content.  Like many other countries Brazil aims for aims 70% and indeed it has been very successful in encouraging international suppliers to establish local operations and in developing its own indigenous companies.     However, Brazil now faces the challenge of exploiting its pre-salt reserves which requires massive expenditure on hardware, including big-ticket high-tech items such as drilling rigs and floating production systems.  As a result there is now an increasing focus on Brazil's shipbuilding industry with players such as Singapore's Keppel setting up joint ventures.  But as noted by a recent study, Brazilian companies can charge 55% more and Brazilian engineers cost 15% more than foreign workers.7   At Douglas-Westwood we have been long concerned over the challenge Petrobras faces and note this study also states "Brazil is in a challenging position - higher costs than emerging countries and lower productivity than developed countries. Limited to domestic suppliers, Petrobras forecasts no production growth in the next three years …… causing speculation that the government may relax local content requirements."   There are of course many other examples of local content achievement and ambitions including:   Angola: It is reported by the Angolan Chamber of Commerce (CAE) that between 2005-2010, 302 contracts oil industry were won by 124 Angolan businesses, with a value of US$ 212M, generating 2,700 Angolan jobs.                   Yemen: Total's US$4.5bn Yemen LNG project aims for a 90% local staff by 2015.    Significance of National Oil Companies NOCs are usually tasked with building local content and growing a knowledge base, often by facilitating R&D. Examples include Petrobras's massive long-term drive to develop the Brazilian OFS industry and Statoil which has also assisted companies to cross the R&D 'valley of death' by facilitating access for new technology to offshore installations. Norway has resultantly grown a number of high technology companies.     But ultimately local oil & gas production declines and NOCs may need to access other countries' reserves. Local OFS companies then have to leave behind the patronage of their state oil company to compete for business in world markets – it is at this point that the value of their offerings is really tested.      Practicalities The challenges of growing local content are many and varied. In some developing economies a lack of basic industrial infrastructure makes local manufacturing impractical.    Once a local capability does exist there becomes a de facto purchasing obligation, often resulting in cost inflation – 10-55% has been seen. Project delays are another possibility and there are concerns regarding a potential increase to HSE risk from using less experienced and unproven suppliers. Furthermore, local content policies often create excessive bureaucracy in government agencies, oil companies and suppliers alike.    When the above factors are combined with intrusive regulations and high taxes, OFS companies may not be able to be internationally competitive so choose to leave when fields deplete and local business opportunities reduce.   One of the major constraining factors is the shortage of skilled and experienced personnel – a global people problem that impacts local content ambitions. Brazil, for example, has a shortage of engineers with just 1.95 per 10,000 inhabitants, less than the other 35 countries studied in the OECD8. In Australia skills shortages and associated higher labour costs are partly to blame for a 21% increase in the $53bn Gorgon LNG project, and that is despite the major modules being built in Korea.     What Works for Companies It is most important to realise there is no real quick fix to developing a local content strategy. Companies need to avoid becoming focused on meeting reporting requirements. Knowing that a reliable local supply chain can in the longer term offer better overall value and accepting the associated short-term cost premium, together with internally communicating the business benefits are key success factors.     What Works for Governments  Developing clear objectives and realistic expectations are vital, providing single points of contact for information & support of local companies and interaction with E&P companies.  Avoidance of multiple initiatives and a large bureaucracy for managing the programme and reporting are also key factors.    In some countries governments have actively supported the establishment of trade bodies, sometimes to great effect. In other situations supply chain development has been greatly aided by provision of infrastructure (e.g. port & supply base facilities) and in some cases establishment & management of technology and science parks.   In general the 'scatter gun' approach to support is not usually the best approach and a policy of supporting the most capable of local companies is usually more productive.   At later stages, assistance with R&D of key technologies can be fruitful, together with advice and support for local company internationalisation.    Conclusions The demon can be tamed and the potential prize for a country that successfully implements local content is huge, bringing benefits for all stakeholders by reducing imports and creating jobs. Effective local suppliers do reduce E&P costs. Goods and services can be provided to the oil company end user at competitive prices but to achieve this all must recognise the value of real partnership.   Governments must have realistic expectations as, for example, the transfer of total responsibility for major projects from an IOC's international headquarters will remain rare.   There is a great temptation for governments to focus on initiatives on sectors that create the maximum number of jobs. However, many of these may be low quality jobs and transient in nature – the focus must be on delivering long -term benefits.  Oil & gas reserves are finite so the ideal should be to build an OFS export industry.    Each country, each city, each O&G centre is unique. We can learn from each other but initiatives must be specific to local needs – there is no 'one size fits all solution'.   Most importantly, our work for governments has shown that growing business is about more than demanding a local presence from operators and their contractors. In the long run, providing a business-friendly environment is probably more important.     [1] Sinclair, Upton. 1927: 'Oil' [2] Sandbu, Martin.  August 29, 2009 Financial Times Magazine. ' The Iraqi who saved Norway from oil' [3] IPIECA 2011: 'Local Content Strategy: A Guidance Document for the Oil and Gas Industry' [4] http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results [5] http://www.nbim.no/en/About-us/Government-Pension-Fund-Global/  [6] Smith N.J. 2012: 'The Sea of Lost Opportunity. North Sea Oil and Gas, British Industry and the Offshore Supplies Office' [7] July 2012, Booz & Co study for ONIP, Brazil [8] Pearson, Samantha April 8, 2012: Financial Times 'Skills shortage in Brazil's oil industry' ______________________   Presentation This article is based on an invited presentation by the author to the Energy Institute's London 'IP Week 2013'. The original presentation can be downloaded from http://www.douglas-westwood.com   The Author John Westwood has a wide personal experience of the practical issues of local content from the contractor, operator and government points of view. With nearly 40 years' experience of the oil & gas industries he began his career with 12 years in offshore contracting and been a founder of four companies in sectors ranging from offshore technology to energy business research. In 1990 he formed international energy business advisors Douglas-Westwood where he is now chairman. Described as a "top energy research group" by the Financial Times, the multi-award-winning firm acts as advisors to industry, finance houses and governments and has clients in 72 countries.   John Westwood Douglas-Westwood St Andrews House Station Road East Canterbury CT1 2WD, UK Main: +44 (0) 1227 780999 Fax: +44 (0) 1227 780880 Email: john.westwood@douglaswestwood.com Website: www.douglaswestwood.com Twitter: http://twitter.com/DouglasWestwood   Notice of Confidentiality: This e-mail has been sent by Douglas-Westwood Limited, whose registered office is Whitebeams, Pett Bottom, Canterbury, CT4 6EH, UK. This message, and any attachments, are intended solely for the addressee and may contain privileged or confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient, any disclosure, copying, distribution or any action taken or omitted to be taken in reliance on it, is prohibited and may be unlawful. If you believe that you have received this email in error, please contact the sender immediately. Opinions, conclusions and statements of intent in this e-mail are those of the sender and will not bind Douglas-Westwood unless confirmed in writing by a director independently of this message. Although we have taken steps to ensure that this email and any attachments are free from any virus, we advise that in keeping with good computing practice the recipient should ensure they are actually virus free. Registered in England: 2551677

Douglas-Westwood | St Andrew's House Station Road East | Canterbury, UK CT1 2WD, United Kingdom

Handy Calculations - Conversion Tables

Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
HANDY CALCULATIONS  - A
acres	x	0.404 69	=	hectares
acres	x	43,560	=	square feet (ft2)
acres	x	4,046.873	=	square meters (m2)
acre-feet	x	43,560	=	cubic feet (ft3 or cf)
acre-feet	x	7,758	=	barrels
angstrom units	x	1.0E-10	=	meters (m)
atmospheres	x	14.70	=	pounds/square inch
atmospheres	x	1.033	=	kilograms/square centimeter
atmospheres	x	1.013250E+05	=	pascal
atmospheres	x	33.90	=	Feet of water
atmospheres	x	76.0	=	centimeter of mercury

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - B
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
barrels (crude oil)	x	5.6146	=	cubic feet of crude oil
barrels (crude oil)	x	0.158 987 3	=	cubic meters of crude oil
barrels (crude oil)	x	42	=	gallons of crude oil, US
barrels (crude oil)	x	158.987 3	=	liters of crude oil
barrels (crude oil)	x	0.136	=	metric tons of crude oil
barrels/day	x	0.0292	=	Gallons(US)/minute
barrels/day<>	x	1.84	=	cubic centimeters/second
barrels (crude oil)	x	0.15	=	short tons of crude oil
barrels, US liquid	x	0.75	=	barrels of crude oil
barrels, US liquid	x	31.5	=	gallons, US
bars	x	0.98	=	atmospheres
bars	x	14.50	=	pounds/square inch
British thermal units (Btu)	x	3.931E-04	=	horsepower-hours
British thermal units (Btu)	x	0.000 292 8	=	kilowatthours (kWh)
bushels, US	x	0.035 239 07	=	cubic meters (m3)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - C
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
calories (cal)	x	4.186 8	=	joules (J)
centimeters (cm)	x	0.394	=	inches (in)
centimeters of mercury	x	0.44	=	feet of water
centimeters/second	x	0.036	=	kilometers/hour
centipoise	x	0.01	=	poise
centipoise	x	0.01	=	grams/cm-sec
centipoise	x	0.0010	=	pascal-second
centipoise	x	6.72E-04	=	pounds/ft-sec
cubic centimeters (cm3)	x	3.531E-05	=	cubic feet (ft3 or cf)
cubic centimeters (cm3)	x	0.06102	=	cubic inches (in3)
cubic centimeters (cm3)	x	2.642E-04	=	gallons, US liquid
cubic centimeters (cm3)	x	1.0E-03	=	liters (L)
cubic feet (ft3 or cf)	x	28,320	=	cubic centimeters (cm3)
cubic feet (ft3 or cf)	x	1728	=	cubic inches (in3)
cubic feet (ft3 or cf)	x	7.48	=	gallons, US liquid
cubic feet (ft3 or cf)	x	28.316 8	=	liters (L)
cubic feet (ft3 or cf)	x	2.831685E-02	=	cubic meters
cubic feet/minute	x	472	=	cubic centimeters/second
cubic feet/minute	x	4.72E-4	=	cubic meters/second
cubic feet/minute	x	0.12	=	gallons/second
cubic feet/minute	x	0.471 947 4	=	liters/second
cubic inches (in3)	x	16.38706	=	cubic centimeters (cm3)
cubic inches (in3)	x	1.639E-05	=	cubic meters (m3)
cubic inches (in3)	x	4.329E-03	=	gallons (gal)
cubic inches (in3)	x	0.016387 06	=	liters (L)
cubic meters (m3)	x	35.315	=	cubic feet (ft3 or cf)
cubic meters (m3)	x	264.20	=	gallons, US liquid
cubic meters (m3)	x	1,000	=	liters (L)
cubic meters/sec (m3/s)	x	15,850	=	gallons/minute
cubic meters/sec (m3/s)	x	2118	=	cubic feet/minute
cubic meters/sec (m3/s)	x	60,000	=	liters/minute
cycles/second	x	1.0	=	hertz

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - D
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
darcy	x	0.9869E-12	=	meter squared
days (mean solar)	x	86,400	=	seconds
degrees (angle)	x	0.0111	=	quadrants
degrees (angle)	x	0.017 453 29	=	radians
degrees (angle)	x	3,600	=	seconds
degrees/second	x	0.16667	=	revolutions/minute
dynes	x	1.0E-05	=	joules/meter (newtons)
dynes/square centimeter	x	1.0E-06	=	bars

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - E
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
em (pica)	x	0.42	=	centimeters (cm)
ergs	x	1.0E-07	=	joules (J)
ergs	x	2.78E-14	=	kilowatthours (kWh)
ergs/second	x	1.3E-10	=	horsepower (hp)
ergs/second	x	1.0E-10	=	kilowatts

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - F
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
feet (ft)	x	30.48	=	centimeters (cm)
feet (ft)	x	12	=	inches (in)
feet (ft)	x	0.3048	=	meters (m)
feet (ft)	x	1.645E-04	=	miles (nautical)
feet (ft)	x	1.894E-04	=	miles (statute)
feet of water	x	0.029499	=	atmospheres of water
feet of water	x	0.8826	=	inches of mercury
feet of water	x	0.433515	=	pounds/square inch
feet/minute	x	0.5080	=	centimeter/second
feet/second	x	1.09728	=	kilometers/hour
feet/second	x	0.59248	=	knots
feet/second	x	0.681818	=	miles/hour
foot-candles	x	10.763 91	=	lumens/square meter
foot-pounds	x	3.77E-07	=	kilowatthours (kWh)
foot-pounds/minute	x	2.26E-05	=	kilowatts (kW)
foot-pounds/sec	x	0.00181	=	horsepower

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - G
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
gallons, US (gal)	x	0.031 75	=	barrels
gallons, US (gal)	x	0.02381	=	barrels of crude oil
gallons, US (gal)	x	3,785.41	=	cubic centimeters (cm3)
gallons, US (gal)	x	0.1337	=	cubic feet (ft3 or cf)
gallons, US (gal)	x	3.785412E-03	=	cubic meters (m3)
gallons, US (gal)	x	0.832675	=	gallons, imperial
gallons, US (gal)	x	3.785412	=	liters (L)
gallons, liquid British imperial	x	1.2014	=	gallons, US liquid
gallons of crude oil	x	0.02380952	=	barrels of crude oil
gallons/minute, US	x	8.0208	=	cubic feet/hour
gallons/minute, US	x	0.134	=	cubic feet/minute
gallons/minute, US	x	6.309E-05	=	cubic meters/sec
gausses	x	1.0E-04	=	webers/square meter
grains	x	0.064798 91	=	grams (g)
grams (g)	x	0.0353	=	ounces
grams (g)	x	2.204623E-03	=	pounds (lb)
grams/centimeter	x	5.6E-03	=	pounds/inch
grams/cubic centimeter	x	62.43	=	pounds/cubic foot
grams/cubic centimeter	x	8.347	=	pounds/gallon
grams/liter	x	1,000	=	parts/million
grams/liter	x	8.34	=	pounds/1,000 gallons
grams/liter	x	0.06243	=	pounds/cubic foot
grams/square centimeter	x	2.04816	=	pounds/square foot
gram-calories	x	1.56E-06	=	horsepower-hours
gram-calories	x	1.16E-06	=	kilowatthours (kWh)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - H
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
hectares (ha)	x	2.471	=	acres
hectares (ha)	x	107,600	=	square feet (ft2)
hectares (ha)	x	10,000	=	square meters (m2)
horsepower (hp)	x	1.014	=	horsepower (metric)
horsepower (hp)	x	42.44	=	British thermal units/minute
horsepower (hp)	x	550	=	foot-pounds/second
horsepower-hour (hp-hr)	x	2.684520E+6	=	Joules
horsepower (hp)	x	0.746043	=	kilowatts
horsepower (metric)	x	0.986	=	horsepower
horsepower (metric)	x	542.5	=	foot-pounds/second

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - I
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
inches (in)	x	2.54	=	centimeters (cm)
inches (in)	x	0.0254	=	meters (m)
inches (in)	x	1.578E-05	=	miles (mi)
inches of mercury	x	0.4912	=	pounds/square inch
inches of water at (4oC)	x	2.458E-03	=	atmospheres
inches of water at (4oC)	x	0.03	=	pounds/square inch

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - J
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
joules (J)	x	9.48E-04	=	British thermal units (Btu)
joules (J)	x	2.778E-04	=	watthours (Wh)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - K
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
kilograms (kg)	x	2.204 6	=	pounds (lb)
kilograms (kg)	x	9.84E-04	=	tons, long
kilograms (kg)	x	1.1E-03	=	tons, metric (t)
kilograms/cubic meter	x	1.42E-03	=	pounds/square inch
kilograms/meter	x	0.67197	=	pounds/foot
kilograms/square centimeter	x	0.9678	=	atmospheres
kilograms/square centimeter	x	14.223	=	pounds/square inch
kilograms/square meter	x	9.81E-05	=	bars
kilogram-meters	x	2.72E-06	=	kilowatthours (kWh)
kilometers (km)	x	3,280.84	=	feet (ft)
kilometers (km)	x	0.621 4	=	miles (mi)
kilometers/hour	x	0.91134	=	feet/second
kilometers/hour	x	0.53995	=	knots
kilometers/hour	x	0.62137	=	miles/hour
kilowatts (kW)	x	1.341	=	horsepower (hp)
kilowatts (kW)	x	1,000	=	watts (W)
kilowatthours (kWh)	x	3,413	=	British thermal units (Btu)
kilowatthours (kWh)	x	3.60E+06	=	Joules

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - L
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
liters (L)	x	0.0063	=	barrels of oil
liters (L)	x	0.0084	=	barrels
liters (L)	x	0.035315	=	cubic feet (ft3 or cf)
liters (L)	x	61.02	=	cubic inches (in3)
liters (L)	x	0.264	=	gallons
long tons	x	1,016.047	=	kilograms (kg)
long tons	x	1.016047	=	metric tons (t)
long tons	x	2,240	=	pounds (lb)
long tons	x	1.12	=	short tons (st)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - M
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
meters (m)	x	3.281	=	feet (ft)
meters (m)	x	6.21E-04	=	miles (statute)
meters/second	x	2.23	=	miles/hour
meters/second	x	196.8	=	feet/minute
metric tons (t)	x	1,000	=	kilograms (kg)
metric tons (t)	x	2,204.62	=	pounds (lb)
metric tons (t)	x	1.1023	=	short tons (st)
metric tons of crude oil	x	7.33	=	barrels (bbl)
microns	x	1.0E-06	=	meters (m)
miles, statute	x	161,000	=	centimeters (cm)
miles, statute	x	5,280	=	feet (ft)
miles, statute	x	1.609344	=	kilometers (km)
miles, statute	x	1,609	=	meters (m)
miles, statute	x	0.868975	=	miles, nautical
miles/hour	x	44.70	=	centimeter/second
miles/hour	x	1.4667	=	feet/second
meters (m)	x	3.281	=	feet
meters (m)	x	6.21E-04	=	miles (statute)
millimeters	x	0.03937	=	inches
milligrams/liter	x	1	=	parts/million
million gallons/day	x	1.5472	=	cubic feet/second
minutes (angles)	x	0.0167	=	degrees

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - N
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
newtons	x	0.22481	=	pounds force
newtons	x	100,000	=	dynes

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - O
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
ounces (oz)	x	28.34	=	grams (g)
ounces (oz)	x	0.0625	=	pounds (lb)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - P
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
pascal	x	1	=	newton/sq meter
pascal	x	9.871E-06	=	atmosphere
parts/million	x	8.34	=	pounds/million gallon (gal)
pints, US liquid	x	0.125	=	gallons, US (gal)
poise (P)	x	1	=	grams/centimeter second
poundals	x	13,826	=	dynes
pounds (lb)	x	4.45E+05	=	dynes
pounds (lb)	x	453.59	=	grams (g)
pounds (lb)	x	4.5359E-04	=	Tons (metric)
pounds (lb)	x	4.448	=	joules/meter (newtons)
pounds (lb)	x	0.45359237	=	kilograms (kg)
pounds (lb)	x	16	=	ounces (oz)
pounds of water	x	27.68	=	cubic inches (in3)
pounds of water	x	0.11983	=	gallons (gal)
pounds/cubic foot	x	0.1337	=	pounds/gallon (US)
pounds/cubic foot	x	0.006944	=	pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
pounds/cubic foot	x	0.016026	=	specific gravity
pounds/cubic foot	x	0.016026	=	grams/cubic centimeter
pounds/cubic foot	x	16.026	=	kilograms/cubic meter
pounds/cubic inch	x	27.68	=	grams/cubic centimeter
pounds/cubic inch	x	27,680	=	kilograms/cubic meter
pounds/foot	x	1.4882	=	kilograms/meter
pounds/inch	x	178.60	=	grams/centimeter
pounds/gallon (ppg)	x	0.12005	=	specific gravity
pounds/gallon (ppg)	x	0.052	=	pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
pounds/gallon (ppg)	x	7.48	=	pounds/cubic foot
pounds/gallon (ppg)	x	0.1198	=	grams/cubic centimeter
pounds/square inch	x	0.0680	=	atmospheres
pounds/square inch	x	2.3095	=	feet of water
pounds/square inch	x	2.03602	=	inches of mercury
pounds/square inch	x	703.0696	=	kilograms/square meter
pounds/square inch	x	6.894757E+03	=	pascal
pounds/square inch	x	144	=	pounds/square foot
pounds/sq inch/foot(psi/ft)	x	19.23	=	pounds/gallon (US)
pounds/sq inch/foot(psi/ft)	x	144	=	pounds/cubic foot
pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)	x	2.3095	=	specific gravity

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - Q
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
quadrants, angle	x	90	=	degrees
quadrants, angle	x	1.5708	=	radians
quarts, liquid	x	57.75	=	cubic inches (in3)
quarts, liquid	x	9.46E-04	=	cubic meters (m3)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - R
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
radians	x	57.29	=	degrees
radians	x	3,438	=	minutes
radians	x	206,000	=	seconds
revolutions	x	360	=	degrees
revolutions	x	4	=	quadrants
revolutions	x	6.283185	=	radians

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - S
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
seconds (angle)	x	2.78E-04	=	degrees
seconds (angle)	x	4.848137E-06	=	radians
short tons (st)	x	0.8929	=	long tons
short tons (st)	x	0.9071847	=	metric tons (t)
short tons (st)	x	2,000	=	pounds (lb)
short tons of crude oil	x	6.65	=	barrels (bbl)
specific gravity	x	1	=	grams/cubic centimeter
specific gravity	x	0.433	=	pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
specific gravity	x	8.33	=	pounds/gallon (US)
specific gravity	x	350.5	=	pounds/barrel
specific gravity	x	62.4	=	pounds/cubic foot
square centimeters (cm2)	x	1.08E-03	=	square feet (ft2)
square centimeters (cm2)	x	0.1550	=	square inches (in2)
square inch (in2)	x	6.4516	=	square centimeter
square feet (ft2)	x	2.2956E-05	=	acres
square feet (ft2)	x	929.03	=	square centimeters (cm2)
square feet (ft2)	x	144	=	square inches (in2)
square feet (ft2)	x	0.09290304	=	square meters (m2)
square feet (ft2)	x	3.59E-08	=	square miles (mi2)
square kilometers (km2)	x	247.10	=	acres
square kilometers (km2)	x	100	=	hectares
square kilometers (km2)	x	0.386	=	square miles (mi2)
square meters (m2)	x	2.471E-04	=	acres
square meters (m2)	x	10.763915	=	square feet (ft2)
square meters (m2)	x	3.86E-07	=	square miles (mi2)
square miles (mi2)	x	640	=	acres
square miles (mi2)	x	27,900,000	=	square feet (ft2)
square miles (mi2)	x	2.589988	=	square kilometers (km2)

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - T
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
therms	x	100,000	=	BTUs of natural gas
therms	x	1.054804E+08	=	joules (J)
tonnes	x	1.0	=	tons, metric
tons, long	x	1,016.047	=	kilograms (kg)
tons, long	x	1.016047	=	metric tons (t)
tons, long	x	2,240	=	pounds (lb)
tons, long	x	1.12	=	short tons (st)
tons, metric (t)	x	7.33	=	barrels of crude oil
tons, metric (t)	x	1,000	=	kilograms (kg)
tons, metric (t)	x	2,204.62	=	pounds (lb)
tons, short (st)	x	6.65	=	barrels of crude oil
tons, short (st)	x	0.8929	=	long tons
tons, short (st)	x	0.9071847	=	metric tons (t)
tons, short (st)	x	2,000	=	pounds (lb)

 

U
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit

 

V
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - W
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
watts (W)	x	3.41219	=	British thermal units/hour
watts (W)	x	0.001341	=	horsepower (hp)
watts (absolute)	x	1	=	joules/second
watthours (Wh)	x	3.41219	=	British thermal units (Btu)
watthours (Wh)	x	2,656	=	foot-pounds
weeks	x	168	=	hours

 

X
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit

 

HANDY CALCULATIONS - Y
Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	365.25	=	days
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	8,766	=	hours
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	526,000	=	minutes (time)
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	31,558,150	=	seconds (time)
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	52.17	=	week

 

Z

 

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Prefixes of International System of Units

Numerical Value	Prefix	Symbol	Meaning	Exponential Expression
1 000 000 000 000 000 000	exa	E	Quintillion	1018
1 000 000 000 000 000	peta	P	Quadrillion	1015
1 000 000 000 000	tera	T	Trillion	1012
1 000 000 000	giga	G	Billion	109
1 000 000	mega	M	Million	106
1 000	kilo	k	Thousand	103
100	hecto	h	Hundred	102
10	deca   or deka	da	Ten	101
1				100
0.1	deci	d	One-tenth	10-1
0.01	centi	c	one-hundredth	10-2
0.001	milli	m	one-thousandth	10-3
0.000 001	micro	�	one-millionth	10-6
0.000 000 001	nano	n	one-billionth	10-9
0.000 000 000 001	pico	p	one-trillionth	10-12
0.000 000 000 000 001	femto	f	one-quadrillionth	10-15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001	atto	a	one-quintillionth	10-18